Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Home page
Contents
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Home page
Contents
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

21 Dec 2023

Medical and paramedical

PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

CHAPTER OUTLINE

1- Behavorial Functioning

2- Autistic Spectrum Disorder

3- ADHD

4- Depression

5- Regression and Catatonia

6- Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders

7- OCD and Related Disorders

With psychiatrist Dr. Laura Cretu, Dr. Hervé Walti, a pediatrician at the Institut Jérôme Lejeune, introduces us in this video and in the accompanying fact sheet to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, which is present in many people with Down’s syndrome.

Discover the entire “Psychiatric Manifestations” chapter by clicking on “Chapter outline” to the right of the image at the top of the page.

Discover below the presentation associated with this video.

ANSM (2017) Méthylphénidate: données d’utilisation et de sécurité d’emploi en France 2017, p. 26.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Arnsten AF, Pliszka SR. Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Aug;99(2):211-6.
Ask H, Gustavson K, Ystrom E, Havdahl KA, Tesli M, Askeland RB, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Association of Gestational Age at Birth With Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Aug 1;172(8):749-756.
Barkley RA (2002) Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63:10–15.
Bélanger SA, Andrews D, Gray C, Korczak D. ADHD in children and youth: Part 1-Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Nov;23(7):447-453.
Bonati M, Scarpellini F, Cartabia M, Zanetti M, On Behalf Of The Lombardy Adhd Group. Ten Years (2011-2021) of the Italian Lombardy ADHD Register for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with ADHD. Children (Basel). 2021 Jul 15;8(7):598.
Bonvicini C, Cortese S, Maj C, Baune BT, Faraone SV, Scassellati C. DRD4 48 bp multiallelic variants as age-population-specific biomarkers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 19;10(1):70.
Capone G, Goyal P, Ares W, Lannigan E. Neurobehavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006 Aug 15;142C(3):158-72.
Capone GT, Brecher L, Bay M. Guanfacine Use in Children With Down Syndrome and Comorbid Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) With Disruptive Behaviors. J Child Neurol. 2016 Jul;31(8):957-64.
Chaaya R, & El Khoury D. Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Disorder or a Fraud?. Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 11, No. 5; 2019:100-16.
Clark B, Bélanger SA. ADHD in children and youth: Part 3-Assessment and treatment with comorbid ASD, ID, or prematurity. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Nov;23(7):485-490.
Dekker MC, Koot HM. DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: prevalence and impact. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;42(8):915-22.
Del Hoyo Soriano L, Rosser T, Hamilton D, Wood T, Abbeduto L, Sherman S. Gestational age is related to symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in late-preterm to full-term children and adolescents with down syndrome. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 23;10(1):20345.
Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet. 2019 Jan;51(1):63-75.
Deutsch CK, Dube WV, McIlvane WJ. Attention deficits, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and intellectual disabilities. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14(4):285-92.
Di Nuovo SF, Buono S. Psychiatric syndromes comorbid with mental retardation: differences in cognitive and adaptive skills. J Psychiatr Res. 2007 Nov;41(9):795-800.
Drechsler R, Brem S, Brandeis D, Grünblatt E, Berger G, Walitza S. ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents. Neuropediatrics. 2020 Oct;51(5):315-335.
Edvardson S., Msallam N., Hertz P., Malkiel S., Wexler I.D. & Tenenbaum A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders symptomatology among individuals with Down syndrome. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. 2014; (11):58–61.
Ekstein S, Glick B, Weill M, Kay B, Berger I. Down syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol. 2011 Oct;26(10):1290-5.
Esbensen AJ, Epstein JN, Vincent LB, Kamimura-Nishimura K, Wiley S, Angkustsiri K, Abbeduto L, Fidler D, Froehlich TE. Comparison of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Typically Developing Children and Children with Down Syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2022a Jan 1;43(1):1-8.
Esbensen AJ, Vincent LB, Epstein JN, Kamimura-Nishimura K, Wiley S, Angkustsiri K, Abbeduto L, Fidler D, Anixt JS, Froehlich TE. Co-occurring medical and behavioural conditions in children with Down syndrome with or without ADHD symptom presentation. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2022b Mar;66(3):282-296.
Faheem M, Akram W, Akram H, Khan MA, Siddiqui FA, Majeed I. Gender-based differences in prevalence and effects of ADHD in adults: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2022 Sep;75:103205.
Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D et al.,The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep;128:789-818.
Fletcher, R. (2007). Diagnostic Manual—Intellectual Disability. Kingston, New York: NADD Press
Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos IS, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS, Rohde LA, Moreira-Maia CR. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Very Preterm/Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018 Jan;141(1):e20171645.
Fucà E, Cirillo F, Celestini L, Alfieri P, Valentini D, Costanzo F, Vicari S. Assessment of oppositional defiant disorder and oppositional behavior in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Front Psychiatry. 2023 Jan 16;13:1062201.
Kessi M, Duan H, Xiong J, Chen B, He F, Yang L, Ma Y, Bamgbade OA, Peng J, Yin F. Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder updates. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022 Sep 21;15:925049.
Lindström K, Lindblad F, Hjern A. Preterm birth and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren. Pediatrics. 2011 May;127(5):858-65.

Määttä T, Tervo-Määttä T, Taanila A, Kaski M, Iivanainen M. Mental health, behaviour and intellectual abilities of people with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2006 Aug;11(1):37-43.
Mason GM, Spanó G, Edgin J. Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Down syndrome: effects of the dopamine receptor D4 gene. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2015 Jan;120(1):58-71. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-120.1.58. Erratum in: Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2015 Mar;120(2):1 p preceding 91. PMID: 25551267.
Marcelli D, Cohen D, Déficit de l’attention/ hyperactivité et pathologies caractérielles Ed. Daniel Marcelli, David Cohen, Enfance et Psychopathologie, dixième ed., Elsevier Masson, 2016, Pages 517-38.
NICE. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. 3, 2018 https:// www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/ng87 (accessed Sept 20, 2023).
Neece CL, Baker BL, Crnic K, Blacher J. Examining the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: clinical presentation. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013 May;41(4):597-612.
O’Brien G. Learning disability. In Developmental Disability and Behaviour Clinics in Developmental Medicine, Mac Keith Press, London, 2000, 149:12–26.
Oxelgren UW, Myrelid Å, Annerén G, Ekstam B, Göransson C, Holmbom A, Isaksson A, Åberg M, Gustafsson J, Fernell E. Prevalence of autism and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in Down syndrome: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 Mar;59(3):276-283.
Pearson DA, Santos CW, Roache JD, Casat CD, Loveland KA, Lachar D, Lane DM, Faria LP, Cleveland LA. Treatment effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adjustment in children with mental retardation and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;42(2):209-16.
Perera B. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in people with Intellectual Disability. Ir J Psychol Med. 2018 Sep;35(3):213-219.
Posner J, Polanczyk GV, Sonuga-Barke E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2020 Feb 8;395(10222):450-462.
Rivelli A, Fitzpatrick V, Chaudhari S, Chicoine L, Jia G, Rzhetsky A, Chicoine B. Prevalence of Mental Health Conditions Among 6078 Individuals With Down Syndrome in the United States. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2022 Jan 17;9(1):58-63.
Roche M, Mircher C, Toulas J, Prioux E, Conte M, Ravel A, Falquero S, Labidi A, Stora S, Durand S, Mégarbané A, Cieuta-Walti C. Efficacy and safety of methylphenidate on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2021 Aug;65(8):795-800.
Sadek J. A Clinician’s Guide to ADHD, 2nd edition, 2014.
Sadek J. Clinician’s Guide to ADHD Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents: Case Studies, Springer, 2019.
Salari N, Ghasemi H, Abdoli N, Rahmani A, Shiri MH, Hashemian AH, Akbari H, Mohammadi M. The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital J Pediatr. 2023 Apr 20;49(1):48.
Simonoff E, Taylor E, Baird G, Bernard S, Chadwick O, Liang H, Whitwell S, Riemer K, Sharma K, Sharma SP, Wood N, Kelly J, Golaszewski A, Kennedy J, Rodney L, West N, Walwyn R, Jichi F. Randomized controlled double-blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 May;54(5):527-35.
Sharma A, Couture J. A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Feb;48(2):209-25.
Sibley MH, Mitchell JT, Becker SP. Method of adult diagnosis influences estimated persistence of childhood ADHD: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Dec;3(12):1157-1165.
Sibley MH, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Hechtman LT, Owens EB, Stehli A, Abikoff H, Hinshaw SP, Molina BSG, Mitchell JT, Jensen PS, Howard AL, Lakes KD, Pelham WE; MTA Cooperative Group. Defining ADHD symptom persistence in adulthood: optimizing sensitivity and specificity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;58(6):655-662.
Song P, Zha M, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Rudan I. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2021 Feb 11;11:04009.
Spinazzi NA, Santoro JD, Pawlowski K, Anzueto G, Howe YJ, Patel LR, Baumer NT. Co-occurring conditions in children with Down syndrome and autism: a retrospective study. J Neurodev Disord. 2023 Mar 2;15(1):9.
Startin CM, D’Souza H, Ball G, Hamburg S, Hithersay R, Hughes KMO, Massand E, Karmiloff-Smith A, Thomas MSC; LonDownS Consortium; Strydom A. Health comorbidities and cognitive abilities across the lifespan in Down syndrome. J Neurodev Disord. 2020 Jan 23;12(1):4.
Storebø OJ, Ramstad E, Krogh HB, Nilausen TD, Skoog M, Holmskov M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Magnusson FL, Moreira-Maia CR, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Forsbøl B, Simonsen E, Gluud C. Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 25;2015(11):CD009885. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 27;3:CD009885.
Sucksdorff M, Lehtonen L, Chudal R, Suominen A, Joelsson P, Gissler M, Sourander A. Preterm Birth and Poor Fetal Growth as Risk Factors of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics. 2015 Sep;136(3):e599-608.