{"id":1998,"date":"2022-07-22T15:51:13","date_gmt":"2022-07-22T13:51:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/?p=1998"},"modified":"2023-11-22T17:30:31","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T16:30:31","slug":"patologias-no-infecciosas-del-pulmon-y-de-las-vias-aereas-inferiores","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/patologias-no-infecciosas-del-pulmon-y-de-las-vias-aereas-inferiores\/","title":{"rendered":"Patolog\u00edas no infecciosas del pulm\u00f3n y de las v\u00edas a\u00e9reas inferiores"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1998\" class=\"elementor elementor-1998\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d1181b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d1181b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0817b6c\" data-id=\"0817b6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65de0dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65de0dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>PATOLOG\u00cdAS RESPIRATORIAS<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29977f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29977f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"> Patolog\u00edas no infecciosas del pulm\u00f3n y de las v\u00edas a\u00e9reas inferiores<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93568a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93568a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2044e13\" data-id=\"2044e13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb356f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcb356f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"932\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Pathologies_NI_poumon_VAI.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2015\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Pathologies_NI_poumon_VAI.jpeg 932w, https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Pathologies_NI_poumon_VAI-300x184.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Pathologies_NI_poumon_VAI-768x471.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 932px) 100vw, 932px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-539b2e5\" data-id=\"539b2e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54a29e elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"e54a29e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2401\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2401\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">ESQUEMA DEL CAPITULO<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2401\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2401\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/retrato-general-de-las-patologias-respiratorias-en-trisomia-21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1- Retrato general<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/patologias-no-infecciosas-de-las-vias-aereas-superiores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2- Patolog\u00edas no infecciosas de las v\u00edas a\u00e9reas superiores<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/patologias-no-infecciosas-del-pulmon-y-de-las-vias-aereas-inferiores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3- Patolog\u00edas no infecciosas del pulm\u00f3n y de las v\u00edas a\u00e9reas inferiores<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/patologias-respiratorias-infecciosas-de-las-vias-aereas-superiores-vas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4- Patolog\u00edas respiratorias infecciosas de las v\u00edas a\u00e9reas superiores<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/patologias-infecciosas-de-las-vias-respiratorias-bajas-en-las-personas-con-trisomia-21\/\">5- Patolog\u00edas infecciosas de las v\u00edas respiratorias bajas<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/prevencion-de-las-infecciones-respiratorias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6- Prevenci\u00f3n de las infecciones respiratorias<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/el-sindrome-de-apneas-obstructivas-del-sueno-saos\/\">7- El s\u00edndrome de apnea obstructiva del sue\u00f1o (SAOS)<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/apneas-centrales-del-sueno-hipoventilacion-alveolar-e-hipoxemia\/\">8- Apnea central del sue\u00f1o, hipoventilaci\u00f3n alveolar e hipoxemia<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/es\/hemosiderosis-pulmonarn-mucoviscidosis-y-trisomia-21\/\">9- Hemosiderosis pulmonar, mucoviscidosis y trisomia 21<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-122386f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"122386f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad00be\" data-id=\"8ad00be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8c47a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8c47a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Presentes desde la vida fetal, las anomal\u00edas de los alveolos, de la circulaci\u00f3n pulmonar y bronquial y del aparato mucociliar, son casi constantes en las personas con trisom\u00eda 21. Si la expresi\u00f3n cl\u00ednica de estas anomal\u00edas es variable y a menudo asintom\u00e1tica, son sin embargo un factor de riesgo importante por el desarrollo de una hipertensi\u00f3n arterial pulmonar o de un edema pulmonar relacionado con la altitud. M\u00e1s raras y a menudo descubiertas de forma fortuita, las anomal\u00edas bronquiales son as\u00ed mismo m\u00e1s frecuentes que en la poblaci\u00f3n neurot\u00edpica. Para terminar, hay que saber que aunque los episodios de respiraci\u00f3n sibilantes son frecuentes no se relacionan mayoritariamente con un asma at\u00f3pico.<\/p><p>El doctor Herv\u00e9 Walti, pediatra el Instituto J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune, le cuenta m\u00e1s en este v\u00eddeo y en la ficha t\u00e9cnica que le acompa\u00f1a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f16d585 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f16d585\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3905d11\" data-id=\"3905d11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7143697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"7143697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/K-BPiCInBP0&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9492aa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9492aa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17fea31\" data-id=\"17fea31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1739c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1739c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d071fe elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6d071fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2.3-Patologias-no-infecciosasdel-pulmon-y-de-las-vias-respiratorias-bajas-ES.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Descargar la ficha de s\u00edntesis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb894da elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cb894da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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{\"outline\":[],\"autoEnableOutline\":\"false\",\"autoEnableThumbnail\":\"false\",\"overwritePDFOutline\":\"false\",\"direction\":\"1\",\"pageSize\":\"0\",\"source\":\"https:\\\/\\\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/07\\\/3.-Pathologies-non-infectieuses-du-poumon-et-des-voies-aeriennes-inferieures_ES_relu.pdf\",\"wpOptions\":\"true\"}; if(window.DFLIP && window.DFLIP.parseBooks){window.DFLIP.parseBooks();}<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d79738c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d79738c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b752a2 elementor-align-justify btn-refs elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3b752a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Ver las referencias<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d55e61 div-refs div-refs-closed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d55e61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ac9f313\" data-id=\"ac9f313\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d81530f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d81530f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Bertrand P, Navarro H, Caussade S, Holmgren N, S\u00e1nchez I. Airway anomalies in children with Down syndrome: endoscopic findings. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003 Aug;36(2):137-41. doi: 10.1002\/ppul.10332. PMID: 12833493.<\/li><li>Biko DM, Schwartz M, Anupindi SA, Altes TA. Subpleural lung cysts in Down syndrome: prevalence and association with coexisting diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 2008 Mar;38(3):280-4. doi: 10.1007\/s00247-007-0699-3. Epub 2007 Dec 20. PMID: 18097658.<\/li><li>Bloemers BL, van Furth AM, Weijerman ME, Gemke RJ, Broers CJ, Kimpen JL, Bont L. High incidence of recurrent wheeze in children with down syndrome with and without previous respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Jan;29(1):39-42. doi: 10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181b34e52. PMID: 19907362.<\/li><li>Bush D, Abman SH, Galambos C. Prominent Intrapulmonary Bronchopulmonary Anastomoses and Abnormal Lung Development in Infants and Children with Down Syndrome. J Pediatr. 2017 Jan;180:156-162.e1. doi: 10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.08.063. Epub 2016 Sep 22. PMID: 27666181.<\/li><li>Bush D, Galambos C, Dunbar Ivy D. Pulmonary hypertension in children with Down syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Mar;56(3):621-629. doi: 10.1002\/ppul.24687. Epub 2020 Feb 12. PMID: 32049444.<\/li><li>Bush D, Wolter-Warmerdam K, Wagner BD, Galambos C, Ivy DD, Abman S, McMorrow D, Hickey F. EXPRESS: Angiogenic Profile Identifies Pulmonary Hypertension in Children with Down Syndrome. Pulm Circ. 2019 Jul 11;9(3):2045894019866549. doi: 10.1177\/2045894019866549. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31293212; PMCID: PMC6696852.<\/li><li>Coghlan Mk, Evans Pr. Infantile Eczema, Asthma And Hay Fever In Mongolism. Guys Hosp Rep. 1964;113:223-30. PMID: 14225128.<\/li><li>Cooney TP, Thurlbeck WM. Pulmonary hypoplasia in Down&#8217;s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1982 Nov 4;307(19):1170-3. doi: 10.1056\/NEJM198211043071902. PMID: 6214715.<\/li><li>Cooney TP, Wentworth PJ, Thurlbeck WM. Diminished radial count is found only postnatally in Down&#8217;s syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1988;5(4):204-9. doi: 10.1002\/ppul.1950050405. PMID: 2976929.<\/li><li>Danopoulos S, Bhattacharya S, Deutsch G, Nih LR, Slaunwhite C, Mariani TJ, Al Alam D. Prenatal histological, cellular, and molecular anomalies in Trisomy 21 lung. J Pathol. 2021 May 29. doi: 10.1002\/path.5735. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34050678.<\/li><li>Deutsch GH, Young LR, Deterding RR, Fan LL, Dell SD, Bean JA, Brody AS, Nogee LM, Trapnell BC, Langston C; Pathology Cooperative Group, Albright EA, Askin FB, Baker P, Chou PM, Cool CM, Coventry SC, Cutz E, Davis MM, Dishop MK, Galambos C, Patterson K, Travis WD, Wert SE, White FV; ChILD Research Co-operative. Diffuse lung disease in young children: application of a novel classification scheme. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Dec 1;176(11):1120-8. doi: 10.1164\/rccm.200703-393OC. Epub 2007 Sep 20. PMID: 17885266; PMCID: PMC2176101.<\/li><li>Doolittle AM, Mair EA. Tracheal bronchus: classification, endoscopic analysis, and airway management. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 Mar;126(3):240-3. doi: 10.1067\/mhn.2002.122703. PMID: 11956531.<\/li><li>Durmowicz AG. Pulmonary edema in 6 children with Down syndrome during travel to moderate altitudes. Pediatrics. 2001 Aug;108(2):443-7. doi: 10.1542\/peds.108.2.443. PMID: 11483813.<\/li><li>Galambos C, Minic AD, Bush D, Nguyen D, Dodson B, Seedorf G, Abman SH. Increased Lung Expression of Anti-Angiogenic Factors in Down Syndrome: Potential Role in Abnormal Lung Vascular Growth and the Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 3;11(8):e0159005. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0159005. PMID: 27487163; PMCID: PMC4972384.<\/li><li>George M, Amodio J, Lee H. Cystic Lung Disease in Down Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Pediatr. 2016;2016:4048501. doi: 10.1155\/2016\/4048501. Epub 2016 Oct 3. PMID: 27781131; PMCID: PMC5066005.<\/li><li>Goldacre MJ, Wotton CJ, Seagroatt V, Yeates D. Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down&#8217;s syndrome: a record linkage study. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Nov;89(11):1014-7. doi: 10.1136\/adc.2003.046219. PMID: 15499053; PMCID: PMC1719725.<\/li><li>Gonzalez OR, Gomez IG, Recalde AL, Landing BH. Postnatal development of the cystic lung lesion of Down syndrome: suggestion that the cause is reduced formation of peripheral air spaces. Pediatr Pathol. 1991 Jul-Aug;11(4):623-33. doi: 10.3109\/15513819109064794. PMID: 1835001.<\/li><li>Joskova M, Mokry J, Franova S. Respiratory Cilia as a Therapeutic Target of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol. 2020 May 6;11:609. doi: 10.3389\/fphar.2020.00609. PMID: 32435198; PMCID: PMC7218135.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9f98a1d\" data-id=\"9f98a1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a9faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11a9faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Kogiso H, Raveau M, Yamakawa K, Saito D, Ikeuchi Y, Okazaki T, Asano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Airway Ciliary Beating Affected by the\u00a0<em>Pcp4<\/em>Dose-Dependent [Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>]<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0Increase in Down Syndrome Mice, Ts1Rhr. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 12;21(6):1947. doi: 10.3390\/ijms21061947. PMID: 32178446; PMCID: PMC7139761.<\/li><li>Linabery AM, Li W, Roesler MA, Spector LG, Gamis AS, Olshan AF, Heerema NA, Ross JA. Immune-related conditions and acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome: a Children&#8217;s Oncology Group report. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Feb;24(2):454-8. doi: 10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-1181. Epub 2014 Dec 10. PMID: 25499068; PMCID: PMC4323733.<\/li><li>Mannan SE, Yousef E, Hossain J. Prevalence of positive skin prick test results in children with Down syndrome: a case-control study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Mar;102(3):205-9. doi: 10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60082-8. PMID: 19354066.<\/li><li>McDowell KM, Craven DI .Pulmonary complications of Down syndrome during childhood. J Pediatr. 2011; 158 (2): 319\u2013325.<\/li><li>N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Enr\u00edquez JC, Fajardo-Guti\u00e9rrez A, Buch\u00e1n-Dur\u00e1n EP, Bern\u00e1ldez-R\u00edos R, Medina-Sans\u00f3n A, Jim\u00e9nez-Hern\u00e1ndez E, Amador-Sanchez R, Pe\u00f1aloza-Gonzalez JG, Paredes-Aguilera R, Alvarez-Rodriguez FJ, Bolea-Murga V, de Diego Flores-Chapa J, Flores-Lujano J, Bekker-Mendez VC, Rivera-Luna R, Del Carmen Rodriguez-Zepeda M, Rangel-L\u00f3pez A, Dorantes-Acosta EM, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Villegas N, Velazquez-Avi\u00f1a MM, Torres-Nava JR, Reyes-Zepeda NC, C\u00e1rdenas-Cardos R, Flores-Villegas LV, Martinez-Avalos A, Salamanca-G\u00f3mez F, Gorodezky C, Arellano-Galindo J, Mej\u00eda-Arangur\u00e9 JM. Allergy and acute leukaemia in children with Down syndrome: a population study. Report from the Mexican inter-institutional group for the identification of the causes of childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2013 Jun 11;108(11):2334-8. doi: 10.1038\/bjc.2013.237. Epub 2013 May 21. PMID: 23695017; PMCID: PMC3681010.<\/li><li>Piatti G, Allegra L, Ambrosetti U, De Santi MM. Nasal ciliary function and ultrastructure in Down syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2001 Jul;111(7):1227-30. doi: 10.1097\/00005537-200107000-00016. PMID: 11568545.<\/li><li>Ruchonnet-Metrailler I, Abou Taam R, de Blic J. Presence of tracheal bronchus in children undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Respir Med. 2015 Jul;109(7):846-50. doi: 10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 20. PMID: 25933912.<\/li><li>Schloo BL, Vawter GF, Reid LM. Down syndrome: patterns of disturbed lung growth. Hum Pathol. 1991 Sep;22(9):919-23. doi: 10.1016\/0046-8177(91)90183-p. PMID: 1833304.<\/li><li>Shepard JO, Flores EJ, Abbott GF. Imaging of the trachea. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2018 Mar;7(2):197-209. doi: 10.21037\/acs.2018.03.09. PMID: 29707497; PMCID: PMC5900079.<\/li><li>Stanley MA, Shepherd N, Duvall N, Jenkinson SB, Jalou HE, Givan DC, Steele GH, Davis C, Bull MJ, Watkins DU, Roper RJ. Clinical identification of feeding and swallowing disorders in 0-6 month old infants with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2019 Feb;179(2):177-182. doi: 10.1002\/ajmg.a.11. Epub 2018 Dec 27. PMID: 30588741; PMCID: PMC6349541.<\/li><li>Weijerman ME, Brand PL, van Furth MA, Broers CJ, Gemke RJ. Recurrent wheeze in children with Down syndrome: is it asthma? Acta Paediatr. 2011 Nov;100(11):e194-7. doi: 10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02367.x. Epub 2011 Jun 16. 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