{"id":1763,"date":"2022-07-26T18:25:31","date_gmt":"2022-07-26T16:25:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/?p=1763"},"modified":"2023-11-22T17:14:55","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T16:14:55","slug":"genital-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/genital-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Genital functions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1763\" class=\"elementor elementor-1763\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65e31f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65e31f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0754b24\" data-id=\"0754b24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9683457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9683457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>ENDOCRINE MANIFESTATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29977f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29977f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genital functions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-aa49116 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"aa49116\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-332e5b5\" data-id=\"332e5b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb356f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcb356f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"932\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fonctions_genitales.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1856\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fonctions_genitales.jpeg 932w, https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fonctions_genitales-300x184.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fonctions_genitales-768x471.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 932px) 100vw, 932px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e805668\" data-id=\"e805668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-539c522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"539c522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8761\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8761\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">CHAPTER OUTLINE<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8761\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8761\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/thyroid-dysfunctions-trisomy-21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1- Thyroid dysfunctions<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/diabetes-mellitus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2- Diabetes mellitus<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/genital-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3- Genital functions<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/statural-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4- Statural growth<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/bone-health\/\">5- Bone health<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/en\/overweight-obesity-trisomy-21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6- Overweight and obesity<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-122386f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"122386f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad00be\" data-id=\"8ad00be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8c47a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8c47a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Genital function in patients with trisomy 21 is characterized by primary hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, micropenis, a 3-4 times higher risk of testicular germ cell tumors in men, and early menopause in women. Apart from an earlier and smaller growth peak, puberty is not very different from in the general population. Lastly, the fertility of patients with trisomy 21 is a very topical ethical issue that merits our full attention.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In this video and accompanying technical sheet, Dr. Herv\u00e9 Walti, a pediatrician at the J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune Institute, tells you more about all these matters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f16d585 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f16d585\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3905d11\" data-id=\"3905d11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7143697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"7143697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/G93gjlfr-VY&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59b0b1c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"59b0b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1.3-Genital-Functions-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download the Summary Sheet<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc3ff56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bc3ff56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fbd57d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fbd57d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>See below for the presentation accompanying this video on \u201cgenital function\u201d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ee6253 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ee6253\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bd27c6\" data-id=\"3bd27c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd6e423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"bd6e423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"_df_book df-lite\" id=\"df_3174\"  _slug=\"1-3-genital-functions-eng\" data-title=\"1-3-genital-functions-eng\" wpoptions=\"true\" thumbtype=\"\" ><\/div><script class=\"df-shortcode-script\" nowprocket type=\"application\/javascript\">window.option_df_3174 = {\"outline\":[],\"autoEnableOutline\":\"false\",\"autoEnableThumbnail\":\"false\",\"overwritePDFOutline\":\"false\",\"direction\":\"1\",\"pageSize\":\"0\",\"source\":\"https:\\\/\\\/t21learning.institutlejeune.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/07\\\/3.-Fonctions-genitales_FR-v2_EN-relu.pdf\",\"wpOptions\":\"true\"}; if(window.DFLIP && window.DFLIP.parseBooks){window.DFLIP.parseBooks();}<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-684e03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"684e03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e39376c elementor-align-justify btn-refs elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e39376c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">See references<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-70fa585 div-refs div-refs-closed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70fa585\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5243ab8\" data-id=\"5243ab8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d4bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8d4bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>ACOG Committee Opinion No. 668: Menstrual Manipulation for Adolescents With Physical and Developmental Disabilities. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Aug;128(2):e20-5.<\/li><li>ACOG Committee Opinion No. 768: Genetic Syndromes and Gynecologic Implications in Adolescents. Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology133(3):e226-e234, March 2019.<\/li><li>Arnell H, Gustafsson J, Ivarsson SA, Anner\u00e9n G. Growth and pubertal development in Down syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 1996 Sep;85(9):1102-6. doi: 10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14225.x. PMID: 8888926.<\/li><li>Bouvattier C. Microp\u00e9nis [Micropenis]. Arch Pediatr. 2014 Jun;21(6):665-9. French. doi: 10.1016\/j.arcped.2014.03.016. Epub 2014 Apr 24. PMID: 24768548.<\/li><li>Cebeci AN, Aslanger A, Ozdemir M. Should patients with Down syndrome be screened for testicular microlithiasis? Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Apr;25(2):177-80. doi: 10.1055\/s-0034-1370779. Epub 2014 Apr 4. PMID: 24705995.<\/li><li>Chew G, Hutson JM. Incidence of cryptorchidism and ascending testes in trisomy 21: a 10 years retrospective review. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004 Oct;20(10):744-7. doi: 10.1007\/s00383-004-1290-8. PMID: 15517292.<\/li><li>Cools M, Honecker F, Stoop H, Veltman JD, de Krijger RR, Steyerberg E, Wolffenbuttel KP, Bokemeyer C, Lau YF, Drop SL, Looijenga LH. Maturation delay of germ cells in fetuses with trisomy 21 results in increased risk for the development of testicular germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol. 2006 Jan;37(1):101-11. doi: 10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.09.021. PMID: 16360422.<\/li><li>Fornieles G, Rosety MA, Elosegui S, Rosety JM, Alvero-Cruz JR, Garcia N, Rosety M, Rodriguez-Pareja T, Toro R, Rosety-Rodriguez M, Ordonez FJ, Rosety I. Salivary testosterone and immunoglobulin A were increased by resistance training in adults with Down syndrome. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014 Apr;47(4):345-8. doi: 10.1590\/1414-431&#215;20143468. Epub 2014 Mar 28. PMID: 24714816; PMCID: PMC4075300.<\/li><li>Grinspon RP, Bedecarr\u00e1s P, Ballerini MG, I\u00f1iguez G, Rocha A, Mantovani Rodrigues Resende EA, Brito VN, Milani C, Figueroa Gacit\u00faa V, Chiesa A, Keselman A, Gottlieb S, Borges MF, Ropelato MG, Picard JY, Codner E, Rey RA; LAREP Group. Early onset of primary hypogonadism revealed by serum anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone determination during infancy and childhood in trisomy 21. Int J Androl. 2011 Oct;34(5 Pt 2):e487-98. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01210.x. Epub 2011 Aug 10. PMID: 21831236.<\/li><li>Gurney JK, McGlynn KA, Stanley J, Merriman T, Signal V, Shaw C, Edwards R, Richiardi L, Hutson J, Sarfati D. Risk factors for cryptorchidism. Nat Rev Urol. 2017 Sep;14(9):534-548. doi: 10.1038\/nrurol.2017.90. Epub 2017 Jun 27. PMID: 28654092; PMCID: PMC5815831.<\/li><li>Parizot E, Dard R, Janel N, Vialard F. Down syndrome and infertility: what support should we provide? J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019 Jun;36(6):1063-1067. doi: 10.1007\/s10815-019-01457-2. Epub 2019 May 9. PMID: 31073724; PMCID: PMC6603116.<\/li><li>Radmayr C, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, Kocvara R, Nijman R, Silay S, Stein R, Undre S, Tekgul S. Management of undescended testes: European Association of Urology\/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Dec;12(6):335-343. doi: 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.07.014. Epub 2016 Sep 15. Erratum in: J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Apr;13(2):239. PMID: 27687532.<\/li><li>Rodprasert W, Virtanen HE, M\u00e4kel\u00e4 JA, Toppari J. Hypogonadism and Cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jan 15;10:906. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2019.00906. PMID: 32010061; PMCID: PMC6974459.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e1713a\" data-id=\"3e1713a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcde9cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcde9cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Salonia A, Rastrelli G, Hackett G, Seminara SB, Huhtaniemi IT, Rey RA, Hellstrom WJG, Palmert MR, Corona G, Dohle GR, Khera M, Chan YM, Maggi M. Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 May 30;5(1):38. doi: 10.1038\/s41572-019-0087-y. PMID: 31147553; PMCID: PMC6944317.<\/li><li>Seltzer GB, Schupf N, Wu H-S. A prospective study of menopause in women with Down&#8217;s syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2001;45:1\u20137. [PubMed: 11168771]<\/li><li>Schupf N, Lee JH, Pang D, Zigman WB, Tycko B, Krinsky-McHale S, Silverman W. Epidemiology of estrogen and dementia in women with Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Jan;114:62-68. doi: 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.019. Epub 2017 Aug 31. PMID: 28843780; PMCID: PMC5748249.<\/li><li>Wiygul J, Palmer LS. Micropenis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011 Jul 28;11:1462-9. doi: 10.1100\/tsw.2011.135. PMID: 21805015; PMCID: PMC5720072.<\/li><li>Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Boisen KA, Boas M, Damgaard IN, Kai CM, Schmidt IM, Chellakooty M, Suomi AM, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM. Acquired cryptorchidism is frequent in infancy and childhood. Int J Androl. 2009 Aug;32(4):423-8. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00946.x. PMID: 19515170.<\/li><li>Xing JS, Bai ZM. Is testicular dysgenesis syndrome a genetic, endocrine, or environmental disease, or an unexplained reproductive disorder? Life Sci. 2018 Feb 1;194:120-129. doi: 10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.039. Epub 2017 Nov 26. PMID: 29183799.<\/li><li>Zhu JL, Obel C, Hasle H, Rasmussen SA, Li J, Olsen J. Social conditions for people with Down syndrome: a register-based cohort study in Denmark. Am J Med Genet A. 2014 Jan;164A(1):36-41. doi: 10.1002\/ajmg.a.36272. Epub 2013 Nov 22. 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